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Este foarte important sa intelegem
utilizarea si sensul timpurilor in limba engleza. Multe dintre aceste forme
verbale nu au corespondent in limba romana. Mai mult, sensul exprimat de
formele verbale in limba engleza nu corespunde intotdeauna cu cel utilizat in
limba romana.
7.1. Clasificarea timpurilor verbale
7.1.1. in functie de timp:
Prezentul:
1. Prezentul simplu
2. Prezentul continuu
3. Prezent perfect
4. Prezent perfect continuu
Trecutul:
5. Trecut simplu
6. Trecut continuu
7. Trecut perfect
8. Trecut perfect continuu
Viitorul:
9. Viitorul simplu
10. Viitorul continuu
11. Viitorul perfect
12. Viitorul perfect continuu
1. PREZENTUL SIMPLU
1.1. Forma
Prezentul simplu are forma de baza a verbului (write, work).
La persoana a III-a sg., forma de baza + -s (he writes, she
works).
Ex.: I play, you play, we play,
they play
He plays, she plays, it plays
Forma negativa se formeaza cu auxiliarul do:
Ex.: I do not drink tea.
She/he does not play football.
Forma interogativa:
Ex.: Do you work here?
Does she/he sing beautifully?
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Forma prezentului simplu pentru you,
persoana a II-a singular si plural, este identica.
Persoana a III-a singular a prezentului
simplu adauga -s la sfarsit!
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1.2. Functii:
Actiuni obisnuite, care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat, dar nu
neaparat in momentul exact al vorbirii:
Ex.: Mina plays tennis every
weekend.
The Post office opens at 9:45.
Adevaruri sau realitati general acceptate:
Ex.: Some vegetarians eat fish but
they do not eat meat.
Winds carry weather balloons around the earth at the height of 24
kilometers.
Expresia opiniilor:
Ex.: I think Spain is beautiful.
They believe everything they read.
Expresie a preferintelor:
Ex.: Lisette likes cats and dogs,
but she prefers cats.
Jim prefers maths to languages.
Se foloseste pentru a exprima asa numitul
prezent istoric, facand astfel referire la actiuni care s-au intamplat de
fapt in trecut.
Ex.: We were watching the back
door when, all of a sudden, in walks Dierdre.
Dierdre tells me that she took her brother to the dentist.
Prezentul simplu poate avea valenta de
viitor mai ales cu verbe ca: arrive, come, leave care sugereaza
evenimente planuite sau programate:
Ex.: The train from Boston arrives
this afternoon at two o'clock.
High tide is at 3:15 p.m. The Super Bowl starts at 6:15 p.m.
Expresii care semnaleaza frecvent actiunile
obisnuite exprimate prin prezentul simplu:
all the time, always, every classe, every day, every holiday, every hour,
every month, every semester, every week, every year, most of the time, never,
often, rarely, sometimes, usually
1.3. Conjugare
singular
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I walk
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you walk
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he/she/it walks
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plural
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we walk
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you walk
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they walk
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singular
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I sleep
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you sleep
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he/she/it sleeps
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plural
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we sleep
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you sleep
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they sleep
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singular
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I am
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you are
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he/she/it is
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plural
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we are
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you are
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they are
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Exemple:
I walk to work every day.
The Chicago Bulls sometimes practice in this gymnasium.
Dr. Espinoza operates according to her own schedule.
Coach Calhoun recruits from countries outside the U.S.A.
2. PREZENTUL CONTINUU
2.1. Forma
Acest timp se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be la prezent
+ forma de baza a verbului + -ing (participiu prezent).
Ex.: I am buying all my
family's Christmas gifts early this year.
She is working through the holiday break.
Forma negativa - se adauga not
dupa forma de prezent simplu a auxiliarului to be.
Ex.: It is not raining.
Forma interogativa se obtine prin
inversiunea auxiliarului to be cu subiectul:
Ex.: Are they playing?
Is he eating?
2.2. Functii
Prezentul continuu indica: o actiune care se afla in plina desfasurare in
momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: The phone is ringing. I can't
answer it. I'm washing my hair.
It's raining so they have to stop the game.
O actiune care se afla in desfasurare in
perioada prezenta, dar care poate nu se intampla concomitent cu momentul
vorbirii.
Ex.: They are writing a new book.
She's studying English at the Language Center.
Descrie o tendinta sau actiune care a
debutat recent:
Ex.: More and more people are
starting to play golf in Malaysia.
Pentru a desemna o actiune care este
planificata pentru viitor:
Ex.: To meet the demand for
English language courses, they are planning to expand.
Mohan is leaving for London next week.
2.3. Verbele dinamice si statice
In general, numai anumite verbe pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si
acestea se numesc verbe dinamice.
Aspectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este, era sau va fi in
desfasurare. Formele verbale progresive (aspectul continuu) se folosesc numai
in cazul verbelor dinamice, de miscare, care exprima calitati capabile de
schimbare.
Nu se spune "He is being tall" sau "He is resembling
his mother" sau "I am wanting spaghetti for dinner",
ci vom spune: "He is tall", "He resembles his mother",
"I want spaghetti".
Tabelul urmator descrie in detaliu diferentele dintre verbele statice si cele
dinamice:
VERBE DINAMICE
Verbe care exprima o activitate:
abandon, ask, beg, call, drink, eat, help, learn, listen, look at, play,
rain, read, say, slice, throw, whisper, work, write
Ex.: I am begging
you. I was learning French. They will be playing upstairs.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor
simple:
Ex.: I beg you. I learned French.
They will play upstairs.
Verbe care exprima procese:
change, deteriorate, growmature, slow down, widen
Ex.: The corn is
growing rapidly. Traffic is slowing down.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple:
Ex.: The corn grows rapidly.
Traffic slows down.
Verbe de perceptii senzoriale:
ache, feel, hurt, itch
Ex.: "I feel bad"
si "I am feeling bad" au acelasi sens in acest caz.
Verbe care exprima actiuni tranzitive:
arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose
Formele continue indica inceputul actiunii
pe cand formele temporale simple, din contra.
Ex.: She was falling out of bed
(when I caught her).
She falls out of bed every night.
Verbe exprimand actiuni momentane:
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap
Formele continue indica durata scurta si sugereaza repetitia.
Ex.: She is hitting her brother.
He is jumping around the house.
VERBE STATICE
Verbe de perceptie, senzatie, activitate mentala:
abhor, adore, astonish, believe, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, feel,
forgive, guess, hate, hear, imagine, impress, intend, know, like, love, mean,
mind, perceive, please, prefer, presuppose, realize, recall, recognize,
regard, remember, satisfy, see, smell, suppose, taste, think, understand,
want, wish
Ex.: I detest rudabaga,
si nu I am detesting rudabaga.
I prefer cinnamon toast, si nu I am preferring cinnamon
toast.
Verbe de relatie si posesie:
be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve,
equal, fit, have, include, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess,
require, resemble, seem, sound
Ex.: I am sick,
si nu I am being sick.
I own ten acres of land, si nu I am owning ten acres.
My brother owes me ten dollars si nu My brother is
owing me ten dollars.
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Imaginati-va diferenta de inteles dintre
verbele statice si cele dinamice prin prisma intentiei, cele statice
exprimand calitati neintentionate, pe cand cele dinamice calitati intentionate:
Two plus two equals
four.
Jane is leaving for Bucharest.
Equals este un verb
static si nu poate lua o forma continua; nu exista optiune sau intentie
in acest caz. Doi plus doi a fost si va fi intotdeauna egal cu patru.
Is leaving exprima optiunea
si intentia subiectului de a efectua actiunea respectiva.
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Verbul to have nu se foloseste niciodata
in aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de "a suferi de":
I have flu. He has a fever.
Se foloseste la aspectul continuu atunci
cand are intelesul de "a angaja pe cineva pentru o actiune":
I'm having my hair done on Wednesday.
They're having the house painted.
Have se foloseste la aspectul continuu
atunci cand are sensul de "experienta":
I'm having a lot of problems with this task.
They're having trouble selling their house.
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2.4. Conjugare
singular
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I am walking
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you are walking
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he/she/it is
walking
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plural
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we are walking
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you are walking
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they are walking
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singular
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I am sleeping
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you are sleeping
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he/she/it is
sleeping
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plural
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we are sleeping
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you are sleeping
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they are sleeping
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singular
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I am being
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you are being
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he/she/it is being
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plural
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we are being
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you are being
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they are being
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Exemple:
The summer is passing too quickly.
Raoul is acting like his father.
Some football players are not being good role models for
youngsters.
Is he being good to you?
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